Official 35 - lecture 2
Listen to part of lecture in an archaeology class.
archaeology: 考古学
one of frustrating things about archaeology, especially for beginning students, it's the theory are constantly evolving.
a theory that's been accepted for many years may suddenly be called into question.
but why would that happen?
there are probably number of reasons:
earlier finds are always being reexamined in the context of new finds.
or it may just be what someone looks at the evidence in a different way, has a different idea of what it suggest.
take the theory about the earliest permanent settlements.
they were found in the east of the Mediterranean Sea called the Levant.
Mediterranean Sea
the people who lived there were Natufians.
it has been widely accepted that that about the 15, 000 years ago, the Natufians developed a sedentary lifestyle.
sedentary lifestyle: now it means that doing or involving a lot of sitting.
nomadic lifestyle
Can someone remind us what that means?
it means they stopped being nomadic, that they began staying in one area year round instead of moving around all the time.
Right. And we think there was an abundance of edible plants and animals in the area at that time that make this shift away from a nomadic lifestyle possible.
keep in mind that the Natufians were hunter-gatherers.
Hunter-gatherers developed tools and methods for getting their food.
so in spite of other changes, they were always pre-agriculture society.
Anyway, after being sedentary for around 2,000 years, something happened that forced the Natufians to change their lifestyle.
The general consensus is that there was a period of climatic cooling, which had a negative effect on the availability of food.
consensus: a general agreement.
And this food shortage likely caused the Natufians to revert to a nomadic lifestyle.
Then around 11,500 years ago, the climate warmed again.
Food became more abundant and the people in that area became sedentary again.
now no one is contesting that these people, probably descendants of the Natufians, were indeed sedentary by 11500 years ago.
no one is contesting that: 没人会质疑
the evidence is quite strong.
archeologist had uncovered numerous circular structures, dating from that period that appear to have been used to store grains.
First, the remains of barley houses have been found inside them.
barley V.S. wheat
they are crops used for food and drink production, as well as animal feed.
Since they are grains, they look very similar on the surface
Barley was the main type of grains that grew in this area.
and secondly, the floor on the these structures were elevated.
this design would have been consistent with the need to keep the barley dry and safe from rodents.
rodent: rodents are mammals characterized by upper and lower pairs of ever-growing rootless incisor teeth.
So, that makes sense.
And there are lots of these structures in the settlements.
in one settlement that was only partially excavated, archaeologists have already found four of these structures.
So it's the earlier part, that the Natufians were sedentary 15,000 years ago, that's changed?
Well, there's evidence, but some archaeologists have questioned the criteria used to identify permanent settlements.
See, circular structures have also been found in early Natufian settlements, so archaeologists believe that these were also food storage structures based on their physical similarity to the structures in later settlements.
And they would indicate that the Natufians were sedentary 15,000 years ago.
but now they are doubt about the use of the earlier structures.
researchers point to the lack of grain remnants in these earlier structures.
in fact, thing other than grains have been found in them.
So at the very least, they say, these structures probably had multiple purposes.
And another problem they point to is that most early settlements have only one of these so-called storage structures.
But do you think one structure would be enough to hold the surplus for an entire settlement?
surplus: the amount that remains when use or need is satisfied.
Well, whatever these structures were used for, couldn't they just have built them at a place they came back to regularly?
Maybe to store things for their next visit?
Exactly! So-called base camps, where the Natufians didn't stay all year round.
But artifacts that were found at a number of Natufian sites seem to present evidence of a sedentary way of life.
Large heavy mortars, the sort of thing that would have been used for grinding grain.
mortar and pestle
Such heavy equipment could indicate that the Natufians would have stayed permanently in one place since the work involved in moving an item like this around constantly would have been substantial.
But this evidence of sedentism has also been called into question because the materials used to make the stone mortars did originally come from quite a distance.
And if the Natufians could move the materials over great distances...